Tadqiqotchilar inson tashqi ko‘rinishining barcha detallarini qamrab oluvchi baho mezonini ekzistensial, ya’ni ma’lum bir etnomadaniyatga xos belgilar nuqtayi nazaridan baholash mezoni sifatida talqin qilishga odatlanishgan [Boguslavskiy 2004, 59].

Bu turdagi baho faqat insonning tashqi ko‘rinishi tavsifi bilan chegaralanmasdan, balki olamda mavjud bo‘lgan barcha narsa va hodisalarni sifatlashda ham faollashadi. Bunday baho V.M.Boguslavskiyning fikricha, “ajralib turish” omili bilan bog‘liq bo‘lib, ko‘pincha maqtov nutqiy aktlari hosil bo‘lishiga turtki beradi. Zero, “ajralib turish”ning asosida “obyektning bahoga loyiq xususiyatini me’yorga nisbatan qiyoslash amali turadi” [Boguslavskiy 1995, 23].

Shu turdagi baho nutqiy aktining voqelanishini quyidagi matn parchalarida kuzatamiz:

During the months that followed the bazaar, Rhett called whenever he was in town, taking Scarlett riding in his carriage, escorting her to dances and bazaars and waiting outside the hospital to drive her home.

He was in his mid-thirties, older than any bean she had ever had, and she couldn’t control and handle him as she handled beaux nearer her own age. He always looked as if nothing had ever surprised him and much had amused him. But there was something exciting about him that she could not analyze; something different from any man she had ever known [M.Mitchell. Gone with the Wind];

Qop-qora tunda charaqlagan yulduzlar, qish qa’ridan bahor quchog‘iga otilib chiqqan rasmda qizlarning jamoli ta’rifga sig‘adimi?

Muhayyo keksa tabiat bor hunarini, tamomu makru hiylasini ko‘rsatib oro bergan o‘shanday rasmdagi qizlardan biri, lekin yana allanimasi bilan mahallaning bino qo‘ygan bisoti bo‘lib yetishdi [A.Qahhor. Muhabbat].

Maqtov nutqiy akti ifoda topishining o‘ziga xos xususiyatlaridan biri uning ko‘pincha oshkora ko‘rinishda bo‘lishida namoyon bo‘lib, bunda nutqiy tuzilma tarkibidan ijobiy baho semasiga ega bo‘lgan leksik birliklar o‘rin oladi. Masalan:

Hay, hay, hay suf, ko‘z tegmasin-ey, tishga bosadigan bo‘lib ketibsiz – suyuldi, – palak tozada, palak [T.Jo‘ra];

You ride yourself too hard, Uncle Rudy, Why don’t you give yourself a break once in a while [I. Shaw]

Well, don’t think of them - Doctor Obispo cheerfully advised. You’ll feel better [A. Huxley].

Maqtov bahosi ko‘pchilik hollarda tagma’noli yoki nolisoniy vositalar orqali ham ifoda topishi mumkin:

• Ha ... hali to‘y endi boshlangan! – dedi u. – Qirmiz deganicha bor-da, qaddi qomati ham mana bunday! – dedi u bosh barmog‘ini ko‘rsatib [Ne’mat Amin].

Maqtov nutqiy aktining implitsit yo‘sinda shakllanishi ba’zan kontekst yoki so‘zlovchining vaziyatdagi o‘rni bilan ham bog‘liq bo‘ladi. Masalan:

Algernon: My dear fellow, the way you flirt with Gwendolyn is perfectly disgraceful. It is almost as bad as the way Gwendolyn flirts with you.

Jack: I am in love with Gwendolyn. I have come up to town expressingly to propose to her…

Algernon: In the first place girls never merry the men they flirt with. Girls don’t think it right [O.Wilde. The Importance…..].

Bundan tashqari, adresatni maqtashga unga boshqa odamning xislatlari, xatti-harakatlarini eslash orqali ham erishish mumkin. Qiyoslang:

Augustus: Why aren’t you at the front?

Augustus: But you can still do your bit. Many an older man is in the G.R.’s. or volunteering for home defense [B. Shaw. Augustus Does his Bit].

• Voy, kim aytadi shu uyda xotin kishi, yoshgina juvon turadi deb!
• Ziyoni yo‘q, ayni muddao! Zuhraxon yosh, yolg‘iz, oyog‘i toyilmadikan deb qo‘rqqan edim, yo‘q, xayriyat... bu uyga erkak zoti emas, odam bolasi oyoq bosmaganga o‘xshaydi. Bechoraning dugonasi ham bo‘lmasa kerak [A.Qahhor. Muhabbat].

A.Shomahmudova ko‘rsatib o‘tganidek, bilvosita nutqiy aktlarda gapning propozitsional ma’nosi emas, balki illokutsiyasi yashirin ifodalanadi. “Shu bilan birgalikda, nutqiy aktning propozitsional mazmunini ifodalovchi tashqi strukturasi nutqiy tuzilmani to‘g‘ri tushunishda belgilovchi nutqiy akti sifatida namoyon bo‘ladi.... Bilvosita nutqiy aktlarning ma’nosini tinglovchi matnning implitsit ifodalangan propozitsion mazmunidan tushuna oladi” [Shomahmudova 2021, 46].

Misol tariqasida quyidagi matn parchasini keltiramiz:

• Boshqa gap aytmadingizmi?
• Nima dedim, axir? Shunchalik ilmlari bo‘lsa ham, tol’elari ozgina pastlik qilib turadilar, dedim.

Bu to‘g‘ri gap emasmi taqsir?

• Men sizga mirzodan xizmat so‘rab bering, deb vakolat bergan emasdim-ku.
• Vakolat-ku yo‘q... Axir, tokay ilmingizni xor qilib masjidda yotasiz... Axir, birovni uka, birovni aka deb siz ham tuzukroq ishga qatnashingda, taqsir [A.Qodiriy. Mehrobdan chayon].

Ushbu suhbat “Mehrobdan chayon” romanining personajlari Safar bo‘zchi va masjid imomi mulla Abdurahmon o‘rtasida kechmoqda. Safar bo‘zchining berayotgan javoblaridan u imomni maqtashga urinayotgani ma’lum bo‘ladi. Ammo ushbu maqtov to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri izhor qilinmasdan, balki yashirin ravishda bildirilmoqda. Jumladan, “Shunchalik ilmlari bo‘lsa-da, tole’lari ozgina pastlik qilib turadir” va “Axir, tokay ilmingizni xor qilib masjidda yotasiz” gaplarining mantiqiy asosida maqtash maqsadi yotadi.

Xullas, maqtov vositasida ifodalanayotgan maqsadlar turlicha bo‘lishi mumkin va ular muloqot vaziyatiga bog‘liq holda o‘zaro farqlanadi. Muloqot kontekstida suhbatdoshlar bir-birining emotsional holatiga ta’sir o‘tkazish va shuning vositasida nutqiy samaraga erishishga harakat qiladi. Emotsional-ekspressivlik darajasi yuqori bo‘lgan maqtov nutqiy aktining voqelanishi jarayonida subyekt uchun muhim hisoblangan qadriyat namoyon bo‘ladi. Qiyoslang:

• Ha, sizdek turmush o‘rtog‘im borligi bilan faxrlanaman. Sizni faqat Toshkentimizdagina emas, balki begona yurt bo‘lmish Moskvada ham, hatto sizga ishi tushmaydigan kishilar ham samimiy hurmat qilishar ekan. Bu men uchun faxr emasmi.... Yo‘q, yo‘q, gapimni bo‘lmay, oxirigacha eshiting. Avval men gapirib olay... Siz mening shuurimsiz! Bu gapim ham rost. Siz tufayli shuurim, ongli, bilimim boyib bormoqda. Sizdan ma’naviy ozuqa olmoqdaman. Siz mening baxtimsiz [S.Ibrohimov].

Keltirilgan misolda so‘zlovchi maqtov nutqiy aktini bajarish orqali o‘z turmushidan mamnunligi, xotinining yutuqlaridan qoniqqanligi va ko‘zlagan maqsadga erishganligini ma’lum qilmoqda. Matn parchasida uchraydigan “faxrlanaman”, “shuurimsiz”, “baxtimsiz” kabi birliklar so‘zlovchi adresatni ijobiy sifatlar egasi ekanligini ta’kidlash uchun xizmat qilgan.

Muloqot ishtirokchisi oldida dastavval berilayotgan xabar obyektini nomlash vazifasi tursa, undan so‘ng ushbu obyekt va suhbatdoshga nisbatan munosabatini bildirish vazifasi turadi. Bunda xabar predmeti kommunikativ voqelikka aylansa, ushbu voqelikka bo‘lgan munosabat baho va shu orqali adresatga ta’sir o‘tkazish harakatiga aylanadi.

Berilayotgan baho voqelik haqidagi mantiqiy, estetik, axloqiy, ijtimoiy fikrlar negizida hosil bo‘ladi. Shundan mantiqiy baho so‘z ijtimoiy va tabiiy obyektlar borasida ketganida “haqiqat va yolg‘on” tushunchalari doirasida shakllansa, subyekt o‘z faoliyatini baholayotganida esa “samimiylik yoki nosamimiylik” mezoni old o‘ringa chiqadi. Bunday holat ko‘pincha so‘zlovchi o‘z-o‘zini baholayotganida ko‘zga tashlanadi.

Qiyoslang:

• Ha-da, ha! Men noyob odamman, otaxon noyob! Ish joyim ham noyob. Mana ish joyim–shahrimizda barcha sharoit muhayyo [T.Murod];
• Mana men. Men, qurdim, men yaratdim, men savob ishlar qildim! shunday ekan men piri badavlat shaxsman. Men bus-butun shaxsman. Men yetuk shaxsman! [T.Murod].

Mazkur nutqiy aktlarda ifodalanayotgan pragmatik mazmun – maqtov to‘lig‘icha subyektiv, egotsentrik xarakterga yega. O‘z-o‘zini maqtash harakati bajarilishida bahoning haqiqatga naqadar yaqinligini aniqlash qiyin, chunki bunda baho samimiyligi qariyib yo‘qoladi.

So‘zlovchi o‘zini ijobiy baholashi paytida o‘zini adresatga maslahat berishga haqli, deb hisoblaydi:

Rachel, as your friend and family lawer, I must counsel you not to pursue this matters. They should be no part of your life [I.Stone].

Aytish joizki, voqelikka nisbatan bo‘lgan har qanday munosabat oxir-oqibatda amaliy maqsadga ega. Bu esa, baho munosabatlari u yoki bu yo‘sinda kasbiy, moddiy, axboriy maqsad bilan bog‘liq holda yuzaga kelishidan darak beradi. So‘zlovchining amaliy maqsadi buyruq, iltimos, maslahat, tavsiya, va’da, ishontirish, rozilik bildirish kabi nutqiy aktlarda ifoda topishi ma’lum.

Tadqiqotchilar inson yoki predmetlarning sifat ko‘rsatkichlari tavsiflanadigan nutqiy tuzilmalar bir xil qolipda hosil bo‘lishi yoki umumiy struktur-semantik qurilishga ega ekanligini qayd etadilar [Papovyans 1983, 24]. Biroq ushbu turdagi nutqiy tuzilmalarning natijaviy mazmuni turli xil va bunda tuzilmalarning struktur shakli emas, balki kommunikativ faollashuvi asosiy rolni o‘ynaydi. Gap hodisasining pragmatik tavsifi muammosini tadqiq qilgan O.G.Pochepsov ularni kommunikativ mazmun ifodasiga binoan ikki turga ajratadi: birinchi turdagilarida natijaviy intensiya gap qurilishida aks topsa, ikkinchisi esa kontekst va vaziyatga bog‘liq holda yuzaga keladi [Pochepsov 1986, 81-82].

Quyida bir xil struktur-semantik qolipda shakllangan nutqiy tuzilmalarning turli mazmun olishi hamda kommunikativ-pragmatik variantlashuvini izohlashga harakat qilamiz:

1. ogohlantirish: You know how malicious people are [S. Maugham]; I hope you’ve been discreet, she said, “That’s Boys a goal” [T. Sharp];
2. tahdid: I am …. too aggressive, self- willed and contemptuous [Th. Dreiser];
3. ishonch: I’m a middle- aged gent. In another two or three years I’ll just be a fat old party [S. Maugham];
4. ma’qullash: Quite a character, Armstrong [S. Maugham].
5. ma’qullamaslik: You’re making yourself a perfect fool [S. Maugham];
6. kompliment:“Oh Julie, you are a brick, I never know what a wonderful women you were” [S. Maugham];
7. ruhlanish: Oh, those tales, those tales! Shall I describe them? [A. Huxley];
8. tanqid: Ah, he wasn’t man! He was a baby that cries for the newest toy [D.H Lawrence];
9. o‘z o‘zini tanqid: I’m a child in these matters [P.B. Snow];
10. va’da: Mon cher, you are funny. You don’t want me, you have as much of me as you want; and you wish the rest of me to be dead. I admit nothing, but I am not going to be dead [S. Maugham];
11. afsuslanish: Oh my dear, life is so short and love is so transitory [S.Maugham];
12. achinish: Oh, this journey! It was two hours cut clean of his life [A.Huxley];
13. haqoratlash: You liar, you filthy liar [S.Maugham];
14. o‘zini himoyalash: You… you are a bad woman, said Soames suddenly. Annette shrugged her shoulders. “I do not think so. Living with you has killed things in me, it is true; but I am not a bad women. I am sensible – that is all” [J.Galsworthy].

Ravshanki, yuqorida tavsiflangan gaplarning pragmatik mazmuni har xil, chunki ular bir paytning o‘zida bir nechta illokutiv imkoniyatga ega. Qaysi illokutiv maqsad amalga oshayotganini yoki ustuvorligini muloqot vaziyatiga hamda qanday lisoniy va nolisoniy omillar ishtirok etayotganini inobatga olgan holda aniqlash mumkin.