The Turkic language family is one of the largest language families in the world, with over 30 different languages spoken by more than 200 million people. The languages are primarily spoken in Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and Western China. Some of the most widely spoken Turkic languages include Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkish and Azerbaijani.

The Turkic languages are believed to have originated from a common ancestor language known as Proto-Turkic, which was spoken in the region between Mongolia and Manchuria around 2,500 years ago. Over time, the language spread westward and evolved into the various Turkic languages spoken today.

The Turkic languages have been influenced by a variety of other languages over the centuries, including Arabic, Persian, Russian, and Chinese. As a result, many Turkic languages have borrowed words and grammatical structures from these languages. Despite their differences, Turkic languages share a number of common features that set them apart from other language families. These include a complex system of vowel harmony, a rich case system that marks the grammatical function of nouns and pronouns, and an agglutinative morphology that allows for the creation of complex words by adding affixes to a root word.

The Turkic languages have played an important role in the history and culture of the regions where they are spoken. They are used in literature, music, and other forms of artistic expression, and they continue to evolve and adapt to changing social and cultural contexts. Turkic languages are a group of languages spoken by the Turkic peoples across a vast geographical area stretching from Eastern Europe to Central Asia and Western China. Despite their similarities, Turkic languages exhibit significant differences in their semantic and structural features. In this article, we will compare some of the key semantic and structural features of Turkic languages.

Turkic languages are known for their agglutinative morphology, which means that words are formed by adding suffixes to a root word, rather than using separate words for different parts of speech. This allows for a great deal of flexibility in word order, as the function of each word is indicated by its suffix rather than its position in the sentence. However, there are still some general patterns that tend to be followed, such as subject-object-verb word order in many Turkic languages. Some of the best grammarians who have dealt with the morphological survey of Turkic languages include: J.B.Buranov made a great contribution to the development of grammatical structure of English and Turkic languages. Ahmet Bican Ercilasun - a Turkish linguist who has extensively researched and written on the grammar and syntax of various Turkic languages. Karl Johansson - a Swedish linguist who has studied the morphology and syntax of Turkic languages, particularly Uzbek and Uighur. Gerard Clauson - a British linguist who is known for his work on the etymology and grammar of Turkic languages, including Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uighur. Claus Schönig - a German linguist who has researched and written on the grammar and syntax of various Turkic languages, including Turkish, Uzbek, and Kazakh.  Éva Ágnes Csató - a Hungarian linguist who has studied and written on the grammar and morphology of Turkic languages, particularly Chuvash and Yakut.

Turkic languages are known for their agglutinative morphology, which means that words are formed by adding affixes to the root word. For example, in Uzbek: kitob (book) + lar (plural suffix) = kitoblar (books);o'qi (read) + idi (past tense suffix) = o'qidi (read); uy (house) + ga (dative case suffix) = uyga (to the house). In Kazakh: kitap (book) + tar (plural suffix) = kitaptar (books); oqy (read) + tyn (present continuous tense suffix) = oqytyn (is reading); qap (door) + tan (ablative case suffix) = qaptan (from the door). In Turkish: ev (house) + ler (plural suffix) = evler (houses); oku (read) + yor (present continuous tense suffix) = okuyor (is reading); kitap (book) + tan (ablative case suffix) = kitaptan (from the book). Azerbaijani: kitab (book) + lar (plural suffix) = kitablar (books); oxu (read) + maq (infinitive suffix) = oxumaq (to read); qapı (door) + dan (ablative case suffix) = qapıdan (from the door). [1, 42]

Turkic languages generally follow a subject-object-verb (SOV) word order. However, some languages like Azerbaijani and Uzbek follow a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order. In addition, Turkish has a flexible word order, which means that the word order can change depending on the context. The word order of Turkic languages has also undergone changes throughout history. Old Turkic had a subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, which is still used in some modern Turkic languages, such as Uyghur and Kazakh. However, many modern Turkic languages have shifted to a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order under the influence of neighboring languages, such as Russian and Persian. Turkish, for example, uses an SVO (subject + verb + object) word order with some flexibility for emphasis and focus.

The word order of Turkic languages is also influenced by the grammatical cases used to mark subjects and objects, as well as the presence of postpositions instead of prepositions. Example 1: In Uyghur, the sentence "Men kitap oquyman" (I book read) means "I am reading a book". The word order is subject-object-verb, with "men" (I) as the subject, "kitap" (book) as the object, and "oquyman" (read) as the verb. Example 2: In Turkish, the sentence "Ben bugün evde kalacağım" (I today at home will stay) means "I will stay at home today." The word order is subject-adverb-object-verb, with "ben" (I) as the subject, "bugün" (today) as the adverb, "evde" (at home) as the object, and "kalacağım" (will stay) as the verb. In Uzbek to form a grammatically correct sentence with subject-verb-object word order we use the following structure "Mening do'stim kitobni o'qidi" (my friend book read). "Mening do'stim kitobni o'qidi" would be rearranged to "Do'stim kitobni o'qidi" (My friend book read). In this case, the subject "mening" (my) is omitted because it is implied by the possessive suffix "-ning" on "do'stim" (friend). [1, 43]

Most Turkic languages have a rich case system that marks the grammatical function of nouns and pronouns. For example, in Turkish, there are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and ablative. [2, 186] Turkic languages have a rich case system, with various suffixes used to indicate the grammatical roles of nouns and pronouns in a sentence. The most common cases in Turkic languages are:

Nominative case used for the subject of a sentence, for example in Turkish: Ben okula gidiyorum. (I am going to school); in Uzbek: U yosh oilada yashaydi. (He/she lives in a young family) in Azerbaijani: Biz yeni restorana getdik. (We went to a new restaurant); in Kazakh: Sen keshirin bar? (Do you have a headache?).

Accusative case used for the direct object of a sentence. In Turkish, the accusative case is used to indicate the direct object of a sentence. For example, in the sentence "Ben bir kitap okuyorum" (I am reading a book), "kitap" (book) is the direct object and is marked with the accusative suffix "-i". Similarly, in Uzbek, the accusative case is used to mark the direct object of a sentence. In the sentence "U yosh oilada yashaydi" (He/she lives in a young family), there is no direct object, so the accusative case is not used. In Kazakh, the accusative case is used to mark the direct object of a sentence, as well as for some other purposes such as indicating motion towards a place. In the sentence "Sen keshirin bar?" (Do you have a headache?), "keshir" (headache) is the direct object and is marked with the accusative suffix "-n". Finally, when it comes to Azerbaijani, the accusative case is also used to mark the direct object of a sentence. In the sentence "Biz yeni restorana getdik" (We went to a new restaurant), "restoran" (restaurant) is the direct object and is marked with the accusative suffix "-ni".

Genitive case used to show possession or relationship. Similarly, in Uzbek, the genitive case is used to show possession or relationship. In the sentence "Mening ota-onam Toshkentda yashaydi" (My parents live in Tashkent), "menning" (my) is the genitive form of the pronoun "men" (I). In Kazakh, the genitive case is used to show possession, relationship, and also for some other purposes such as indicating the material something is made of. In the sentence "Menіŋ dostyмң өсиеттері жақсы" (My friend's qualities are good), "menіŋ" (my) and "dostyмң" (my friend's) are both in the genitive case. In Turkish, the genitive case is used to indicate possession or relationship. For example, in the sentence "Benim arabam var" (I have a car), "benim" (my) is the genitive form of the pronoun "ben" (I). In Azerbaijani, the genitive case is also used to indicate possession or relationship. In the sentence "Sənin kitabın nədir?" (What is your book?), "sənin" (your) and "kitabın" (book) are both in the genitive case.

Dative case used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence. For example, In Uzbek, the dative case is also used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence. In the sentence "Men unga yordam beraman" (I will help him), "unga" (to him) is in the dative case. For example, in Kazakh the sentence "Мен сенің қалаңа баруыңға көмектесетін боламын" (I will help you to go to the city), "сенің" (you) is in the dative case. In Turkish, the dative case is used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence. In the sentence "Ben sana bir hediye verdim" (I gave you a gift), "sana" (to you) is in the dative case. Similarly, in Azerbaijani, the dative case is used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence. In the sentence "Mən sənə kitab verdim" (I gave you a book), "sənə" (to you) is in the dative case.

Locative case used to indicate location or direction in Turkic languages: In the Uzbek language, the locative case is also used to indicate location or direction. It is formed by adding the suffix "-da/-dagi" to the end of the noun, depending on whether the noun ends in a consonant or a vowel. For example: kitobda (In the book), uyda (At home), shaharda (In the city); stolda (on the table), toshdagi (on the rock), ko'chadagi (in the street). The locative case can also be used with postpositions to indicate direction or location. For example: xonani ichida (inside the room), tepada yurish (to walk on the hill); o'ng tarafda (on the right side). [3, 128]

Overall, the locative case is an important aspect of Uzbek grammar that helps to describe location and direction accurately. It is used to answer questions such as "where?" or "where to”? The locative case is formed by adding the suffix "-да/-де" to the end of the noun. However, the suffix changes depending on the vowel harmony rules. For example: if the last vowel of the noun is a front vowel (i, e, ö, ü), the suffix "-де" is used. For example: кітаптарда (in the books), көшеде (in the street). If the last vowel of the noun is a back vowel (a, ы, о, у), the suffix "-да" is used. For example: ауызда (in the mouth), жерде (on the ground). The locative case can also be used with postpositions (words that come after nouns and indicate location or direction). For example: Ойын ойында (In the game); aлдыңа баруға (To go forward); cол жақта (on the left side). Overall, the locative case is an important aspect of Kazakh grammar that helps to describe location and direction accurately. For example, in the sentence "Ол үйдегі шөптің ішінде" (He is inside the shop), "үйдегі" (inside the house) is in the locative case. Another example is "Су табанында" (At the bottom of the water), where "табанында" (at the bottom) is also in the locative case. In Turkish, the locative case is used to indicate location or direction. It is formed by adding the suffix "-de/-da" to the end of the noun, depending on whether the noun ends in a vowel or a consonant. For example: kitapta (in the book), evde (at home), şehirde (in the city); masada (on the table), kayada (on the rock), sokakta (in the street). The locative case can also be used with postpositions to indicate direction or location. For example: oda içinde (inside the room); tepe üzerinde yürümek (to walk on the hill); sağ tarafta (on the right side). Overall, the locative case is an important aspect of Turkish grammar that helps to describe location and direction accurately. In Azerbaijani, the locative case is also used to indicate location or direction. It is formed by adding the suffix "-da/-də" to the end of the noun, depending on whether the noun ends in a vowel or a consonant. For example: kitabda (in the book), evdə (at home), şəhərdə (in the city); masada (on the table), qayada (on the rock), küçədə (in the street). The locative case can also be used with postpositions to indicate direction or location. For example: otaqın içində (inside the room), təpə üzərində getmək (to walk on the hill), sağ tərəfdə (on the right side). Like in Turkish, the locative case is an important aspect of Azerbaijani grammar that helps to accurately describe location and direction. [6, open@metu.edu.tr].          

Ablative case used to indicate motion away from something or someone. n Uzbek, the ablative case is formed by adding the suffix "-dan/-dan" to the end of the noun, similar to Azerbaijani. It is used to indicate motion away from something or someone. For example: Kitobdan chiqdim (I came out of the book), uydan ketdim (I left home), shahardan chiqishga tayyorman (I am getting ready to leave the city). [5, 119] Similarly, in Kazakh, the ablative case is formed by adding the suffix "-dan/-den" to the end of the noun. It is also used to indicate motion away from something or someone. For example: kitaptan shettemin (I came out of the book), evinen shettemin (I left home), shahirden shettemiz (We are leaving the city). In Kirgiz, the ablative case is formed by adding the suffix "-dan/-den" to the end of the noun as well. It is used to indicate motion away from something or someone. For example: kitapdan chyktym (I came out of the book), evinen kettiңiz (You left home), shahirden chykyshka tayyarka (I am getting ready to leave the city). In Turkish, the ablative case is formed by adding the suffix "-den/-dan" to the end of the noun. It is used to indicate motion away from something or someone. For example: kitaptan çıktım (I came out of the book), evden çıktılar (They left home), sehirden ayrılıyoruz (We are leaving the city). In Azerbaijani, the ablative case is formed by adding the suffix "-dan/-dən" to the end of the noun, depending on whether the noun ends in a vowel or a consonant. It is used to indicate motion away from something or someone. For example: kitabdan çıxdım (I came out of the book); evdən getdim (I left home); səhərdən kənara gedirik (We are going out of the city). The ablative case can also be used with postpositions to indicate motion away from something or someone. For example: otaqdan çıxmaq (To come out of the room); təpədən enmək (To fly away from the hill); sağ tərəfdən keçmək (to pass by on the right side).

Overall, the ablative case is an important aspect of Azerbaijani grammar that helps to accurately describe motion and direction away from something or someone.Instrumental one used to indicate the means by which something is done.

The specific suffixes used to indicate each case can vary between Turkic languages, but they generally follow similar patterns. For example, in Uzbek it is -(i)k. Turkish, the nominative case suffix for singular nouns is -(ing)i, while similarly, the genitive case suffix for plural nouns in Azerbaijani is -ların/-larin, while in Kazakh it is -dıń/-tıń.

In conclusion, Turkic languages share many structural and semantic features, such as agglutinative morphology, vowel harmony, and a rich case system. However, they also exhibit significant differences in their vocabulary, word order, and pronoun systems. The ablative case in Turkic languages is formed by adding the suffix "-dan/-den" to the end of the noun. This suffix indicates motion away from something or someone and is used in various contexts such as leaving home, coming out of a book, or getting ready to leave a city. The agglutinative nature of Turkic languages allows for the creation of complex words by adding multiple suffixes to a root word, making them unique and highly expressive.

Overall, the ablative case is just one aspect of the rich and complex case system found in Turkic languages. From the nominative to the accusative, dative, genitive, and beyond, each case serves a unique grammatical function and adds depth to the language. The ablative case, in particular, adds a sense of movement and direction to nouns, allowing speakers to express themselves with precision and nuance. As such, the case system is an essential part of what makes Turkic languages so fascinating and unique.